Broad bean is one of the main autumn and winter sowing crops in Anxiang County. Due to the impact of falling flowers and crops on yield, the yield of broad bean in this area is very poor. The low per mu yield is only about 30 kilograms, and the high per mu yield can reach more than 250 kilograms. According to the author's many years of investigation, the reasons for the falling of beans and the measures for yield increase are described as follows:
First, the reason analysis
According to observations, the falling rate of broad bean in this area is generally about 60%, and the serious hillocks are over 80%. There are mainly the following reasons:
1, improper fertilization
If too much nitrogen fertilizer is applied, the bean sprouts will grow in length and cause delicacy in the fields, resulting in poor ventilation and light transmission, which will hinder the accumulation and transportation of nutrients. If the phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are severely deficient, the root system will be poorly developed and the absorption of nutrients will be less, and the stems will be slender, the leaf area will be small, and the photosynthetic products will be less.
2, the humidity in the field is too large
Excessive soil moisture and oxygen deficiency affect the respiration and absorption of roots and hinder normal physiological metabolism.
3, pests and diseases
Broad bean pods often suffer from the harm of red spot, rust, root rot and aphids and other pests, ranging from rotted roots to fallen leaves, falling flowers and falling into dead leaves.
4. Climate impact
The faba bean flowering period coincides with the spring rainy season, and the pollen grains burst due to swelling after absorbing a large amount of water, thus losing the ability to fertilize.
Second, increase production measures
1, a reasonable fertilization
Vicia faba is a leguminous crop and has a large demand for phosphorus and potassium. For each 100 kilograms of broad beans produced, about 2 kilograms of phosphorus pentoxide and 5 kilograms of potassium oxide are required. According to experiments, the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers to broad beans not only reduces the shedding and degeneration of buds, but also reduces the loss of flower buds, which is generally about 40% higher than the control. When the broad bean is sown, 10 kg of superphosphate and 5 kg of potassium chloride are mixed with the appropriate amount of mixed fertilizer for cover fertilizer. If no seed fertilizer is applied, 10 kg of calcium superphosphate and 7 kg of potassium chloride should be planted between rows of broad beans per acre after opening spring. After the flowering of broad bean, its growth and development is fast, and the requirements for nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium account for 80%, 90%, and 67% of the total fertilizer use, respectively. Therefore, it is recommended to apply a single flower manure fertilizer to coordinate vegetative growth and reproduction. The contradiction of growth. In general, Mushi people excrete 10 to 15 tons of urine, or 5 kg of urea and 3 to 5 kg of potassium chloride. According to the survey, the application of flower manure fertilizer increased by 15.0% to 36.2% compared with the control. In addition, 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate plus 1% urea solution can be combined with the top dressing. The demand for boron in broad bean is second only to cotton and rapeseed. Spraying 0.2% borax solution on boron-deficient soil at the initial flowering stage can reduce the loss of calyx and increase production by about 10%.
2. Drainage drain
Based on the selection of broad bean lands in dryland and higher paddy fields, the gutters, gutters and furrows should be well established. General requirements of the ditch deep 50 to 60 cm, waist depth 25 to 30 cm, furrows about 15 cm deep. During the growth and development of broad bean, it is necessary to frequently clear the channel to prevent waterlogging in the field. Especially after the spring begins, due to the increase of rainwater and the fact that the broad beans are in flowering and podging stage, it is particularly important to do a good job of cleaning and draining the ditch.
3, overall technology topping
Production practice has proven that topping is a key measure to reduce the loss of calyx and seize the high yield of broad beans. Broad bean fencing includes the following three items: (1) removal of the main stem. Broad bean branching ability is strong, generally the main stem can not scar, or although it can be scarred, but the scar is small, and the main stem growth is weak, easy to lodging. Removal of the main stem reduces the plant density, enhances air and light transmission, and is beneficial to early birth of large branches and effective pods. According to the survey, the main stem increased yield by 5% to 10% compared to the main stem. Its specific approach is to combine the application of wax fertilizer before the Chinese lunar calendar, cut off the base of the main stem with a guillotine knife, and pay attention to cultivating soil, heat preservation and antifreeze to accelerate wound healing. (2) Pruning leaves. The pruning should be timely and ensure the reasonable density of the field. The specific approach is: When the beans enter the bud stage, the full 1 to 2 times combing, remove the headless branches, weak branches and post-spraying branches, the general pure seeding field left about 30,000 effective branches per mu, two mature interplanting land Per mu effective leaves 2 ~ 25,000. After the spring, the bean sprouts grow fast and should be cleaned and combed once as planned. (3) remove the top heart. The order of flowering and scabbing of broad beans is from bottom to top, and the fewer the scabs, the more they fall off, and even become infertility flowers. If it is not suitable for picking the tops, the nutrients will be transported to the upper part in large quantities, resulting in the loss of the middle and lower part of the flower buds and affecting the fruit filling. In addition, picking the top can also control the height of the plant, prevent lodging, and is conducive to the sun to the middle and lower parts, so as to improve the middle and lower pupa rate. According to the test, as long as the broad bean is at the right time, it can generally increase production by about 15%. The specific approach is: Before and after the Ching Ming Festival, when 10% of the top of the plant has 7 small compound leaves, remove the top of the broad bean, to remove the top length of about 3 cm is appropriate. It is best to pick the top of the sunny day to facilitate wound healing. However, for the growth of thin beans can not pick the top.
4, control pests
On the basis of doing a good job of agricultural control, timely and appropriate spraying of pesticides to prevent and control.
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