How to scientifically raise poultry and shorten the feeding cycle requires scientific matching of livestock and poultry diets. Feed is the basis for raising livestock and poultry. This article focuses on the types of feed and their respective characteristics.
There are many types of feeds, and different seasons vary from season to season. For the convenience of control, according to the source of feed, there are plant feed, animal feed, mineral feed. According to the nutrient composition, there are protein feed, carbohydrate feed, fibrous feed, juicy feed, vitamin feed, mineral feed and additive feed.
First, green and juicy feed
Green and succulent feed, including cultivated and wild green fodder, roots, tubers, melon feeds and silage.
The nutrient characteristics of green and juicy feed are rich in nitrogen-free substances, vitamins, etc.; water is generally 70%~95%; less dry matter; low energy, roughly 0.15~0.50 mega-calorie energy per kilogram of green material, aquatic The feed is lower; the crude protein content is between 1% and 5%, if it is calculated according to the dry matter, it is 12%~25%, the crude protein contained in the legume green material is higher than the gramineous green material; the vitamin content is rich; the mineral The content varies depending on the type of feed, soil and fertilization, but the content of leguminous grass is high. In addition, it also contains other trace elements.
The feed characteristics of green fodder are good palatability and moisturizing effect, and should be properly matched with dry and coarse materials. Caraway, Chinese cabbage, green vegetables, radish leaves and pumpkin vines, sweet potato vines (red vines), water floating lotus should be fed, cooked and prone to nitrite poisoning.
Root and melon feed, mainly including sweet potato, radish, potato and pumpkin. The nutritional characteristics of this type of feed are high water (75% to 90%, or even higher), less dry matter, and more digestible starch. There are very few crude fibers. Lack of calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium content. This type of feed has good palatability, is easy to digest, and has a digestive rate of about 80%.
Second, energy feed
Sub-solid concentrate
Sub-solid concentrates include corn, barley, wheat, oats, sorghum, glutinous rice, buckwheat, and barley. Common features are high starch content, insufficient protein, poor quality, and lack of calcium and carotene. All cereals lack lysine and methionine. Therefore, it must be used in conjunction with protein-rich feeds.
Processing by-products mainly include rice bran, wheat bran, corn husk, sorghum and the like. The energy value of the bran feed is lower than that of the original grain, but the content and quality of the crude protein exceeds the original grain. More crude fiber, more calcium and less phosphorus, a large proportion of calcium and phosphorus, more phytic acid phosphorus, more vitamin B group, but the lack of carotene and vitamin D, digestibility is worse than the original grain.
2. Protein concentrate
Including legumes, oil cake feed, is the main source of protein for livestock. Commonly used are peas, broad beans (hudou), soy beans and bashan beans. The crude protein content is more than 20%, the soybean is up to 40%; the lysine is more, the methionine is insufficient, and it can be used as a protein supplement for the grain, but it must be matched with other feeds.
The legumes feed has a certain influence on palatability, and the utilization of feed can be improved after frying.
Oil cake feed, containing crude protein is very high, accounting for 30% to 50%, essential amino acids are not perfect, calcium is less and more phosphorus, mainly phytate phosphorus. Each kilogram of oil cake contains digestible energy between 2.5 and 3.5 megacalories.
The rapeseed cake contains toxins such as glucosinolate and oxazolidine. The cottonseed cake contains gossypol, and it is necessary to prevent accumulation of poisoning in dosage and usage. In the absence of detoxification, a certain percentage should generally be controlled. Feeding pigs with cottonseed cakes generally does not exceed 10% to 15% of feed; feeding chickens and reserve chickens should not exceed 6% to 10%; growing chickens for eggs can account for 8% of diets; rapeseed cakes for fattening pigs It can reach 10%~15% of the feed; the laying hen can reach 10% of the diet; the growing chicken can reach 8%~12% of the diet. According to the experiment, the rapeseed cake fattening pig can be used 6%~9% in the early stage, 9%~14% in the middle stage, and 12%~18% in the later stage.
3. Dregs feed
The slag-type feed includes distiller's grains, miso, vinegar and slag, bean dregs, powdered water, and the like. The common feature is that the water content is high, between 70% and 90%; due to the decrease of starch in dry matter, and other substances such as protein are relatively increased, the crude fiber is also increased accordingly, which is a volumetric feed. In addition, distiller's water is also nutritious, not only high in vitamin B group, but also contains vitamin B12 and some unknown factors that are conducive to animal growth.
Third, animal feed
This type of feed mainly includes milk, meat, fish and sericulture processing by-products, such as milk, skim milk, whey, meat powder, meat and bone meal, blood meal, feather meal, fish meal, silkworm cocoon, silkworm cocoon cake and so on. The common features are:
Feed type and its characteristics
(1) The crude protein content is high, and the essential amino acids contained are relatively perfect, especially the lysine and tryptophan which are lacking in the sub-real class.
(2) High mineral content, especially calcium and phosphorus. Some contain more salt, so you should pay attention when using it.
(3) Very few carbohydrates and no crude fiber.
(4) Contains more vitamin B2, vitamin B12 and niacin. Fish by-products are a good source of vitamins A and D3.
Other animal feeds include artificially farmed alfalfa, alfalfa, loach, squid, snails, and prawn.
Fourth, mineral feed
Most of the above-mentioned feeds are unbalanced in mineral content and are not compatible with the requirements of livestock and poultry. Therefore, they must be supplemented according to specific conditions. Among the mineral feeds, there are salt and calcium and phosphorus feeds, as well as calcium and phosphorus balanced mineral feeds.
1. Calcium supplemented feed
There are calcium carbonate powder, limestone powder (stone powder), shell powder, eggshell powder and grass ash.
2. Supplemental phosphorus feed
There are calcium hydrogen phosphate, calcium dihydrogen phosphate, defluorinated phosphate, calcium phosphate, and also calcium.
3. Supplementing phosphorus and calcium feed
There are various kinds of bone powder and bone precipitated calcium phosphate.
5. Hay and manure feed
Hay is a green or green plant that has been dried or dried. The moisture content of the hay is low, generally between 14% and 17%. Leguminous hay contains more crude protein or digestible crude protein. The quality of the hay digestible crude protein is above 12%.
The draft stalk is divided into two categories: undergraduate and legume. The grass stalk is characterized by less crude protein, more ash and coarse fiber, up to 22% to 52%. In the ash, calcium and phosphorus are insufficient. The legume stalk contains more crude protein, and the calcium and phosphorus components are also slightly more. Both have shortcomings, namely poor palatability, low digestibility and digestive energy.
Clam shell feed (including rice husk, wheat crust, rapeseed crust, peanut shell, etc.) contains more crude protein than stalk, ash and carotene, crude fiber content is slightly less, its value is higher than the stalk, can only be filled effect.
Sixth, additive feed
Mineral additive
It consists of calcium, phosphorus, iron, copper, zinc, manganese, cobalt, iodine, selenium and other elemental cables. It can regulate the biochemical Balance of livestock and poultry, enhance metabolic function, stimulate growth, promote development, improve resistance and feed utilization.
2. Vitamin additives
There are vitamins A, D, E, K (these four are fat-soluble), B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B11, B12, choline chloride and biotin (these 10 are water-soluble). Because some vitamins are very unstable and quickly destroyed under conditions of light and heat, special processing or packaging must be taken. Chickens require very little vitamins, but they are very sensitive to these 14 vitamins. Pigs need these vitamins. For ease of use, vitamin supplements often use a combination of formulas, such as vitamins, Teddyvita, Hualuodimensional and other multi-dimensional compound preparations.
3. Amino acid additives
That is, protein additives. The protein of the animal body is composed of a variety of different amino acids. Protein is the material basis of all life and the main component of the biological cells that make up the carcass. There are 10 kinds of essential amino acids in pigs and 13 kinds of growing chickens. The lack of any one will limit the utilization of other amino acids in the protein. Among them, lysine, methionine and tryptophan are the most easily deficient, so they are also called limiting amino acids. . Some essential nitrogen acids cannot be synthesized or synthesized in the body in small quantities and must be replenished from the feed. In the compound feed, adding lkg methionine is equivalent to 100 kg of feed grain; adding 1 kg of lysine is equivalent to 330 kg of feed grain.
4. Antibiotics (formerly known as antibiotics) additives
Antibiotics are certain metabolites of microorganisms such as bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi. It has obvious effects on preventing and treating bacterial diseases of livestock and poultry, can enhance the disease resistance of animals, reduce the incidence rate, improve the survival rate, improve the health of animals, and promote the growth rate of livestock and poultry.
5. Antioxidant Additives
Adding antioxidants to the compound feed can prevent the feed from deteriorating and prolong the feed storage time. The amount added to the feed by using ethoxyquinoline (called tridoquinol), butylated hydroxytoluene, etc., is generally 0.01% to 0.05% per ton.
6. Anti-mold agent
The compound feed contains various nutrients, and microorganisms can use these nutrients to grow and breed. In order to prevent mold growth in the compound feed, an anti-fungal agent must be added. The commonly used antifungal agents are calcium propionate and sodium propionate, and the amount is 1.5 to 2.5 kg per ton of feed. The amount of calcium propionate should be doubled during the hot and humid season.
7. Deworming health care additives
Parasites are the enemy of the healthy growth of livestock and poultry. In order to control livestock parasites, deworming drugs are often added to the feed. Commonly used in chickens are anticoccidial agents such as furazolidone, amprolium and sulfamethazine.
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