Beans are also called cowpeas. The planting plots are very extensive and can be marketed all year round, so the market prospects are very good. Let's share with you the unbeaten plant management techniques and the long-term insurance storage method of the beans for your reference.
1. What are the characteristics of the four growth stages of the beans?
The whole growth period of the beans can be germinated, seedling, vine, and pod.
1. Germination period: After sowing, the seeds can germinate in 3-4 days under the environment of 25-30 degrees, and it takes 7-10 days to germinate in the environment of 14-25 degrees. Kind.
2, seedling period: the growth period is generally 15-20 days (1 pair of true leaves spread to 7-8 compound leaves), this stage is prone to root rot or dead tree in low temperature and rainy weather, but also should prevent high temperature Stumble.
3, pumping period: the growth period is generally 10-15 days (7-8 pieces of compound leaves to the bud), this stage of the main vine rapid growth, side germination, rhizobium formation; high temperature or low temperature or poor lighting It will cause the main vines to be weak, the germination of the side vines to be slow, the root system is poorly developed, the formation of rhizobium is small and the activity is poor, and prevention should be taken.
4, flower pod period: the growth period is generally 50-60 days (now bud to harvest), it takes 5-7 days for flowering to bloom, and 8-13 days for flowering to harvest. During this period, flowering, pod formation and stem and leaf continued to grow, roots continued to develop, and rhizobium continued to form simultaneously. Nutrient growth and reproductive growth existed simultaneously. On the one hand, the demand for water and fertilizer was large, and on the other hand, field management needed to be strengthened. Increase production and prevent premature aging.
Second, what are the factors that affect the growth of beans?
1. Soil factors
Beans have good growth adaptability, and the requirements for soil are not high. In 2 years, no bean crops have been planted, drainage is convenient, and soil is thick and soil is loose. It is suitable for planting and growing beans, which is transparent. The sandy soil with better sex is the best. However, it should not be planted on plots that are strong in acidity, heavy in viscosity, easy to accumulate water, and heavy in years. It is easy to cause dysplasia of the roots of the beans. The formation of rhizobium is difficult, the activity is weak, the incidence of pests and diseases is high, and it is easy to fall into the pods or even rotten. Root dead tree phenomenon. If it is heavy, it is best to carry out a three-year rotation with grass crops.
2, lighting factors
Compared with other crops, the demand for the length and intensity of light is not very high, but it needs sufficient light conditions during the flowering and pod-forming period, which can promote more flowering, multi-pod, and good pods. Insufficient illumination can be a serious problem of falling flowers and pods, which causes a decrease in yield.
3, temperature factors
Beans have strong heat resistance, poor cold resistance, can resist high temperature, but are not resistant to freezing, and the continuous low temperature of rain or high temperature and low temperature will have a serious impact on normal flowering and pod formation. In terms of the growth characteristics of beans, the environment of 25-35 degrees is suitable for seed germination (35 degree seed germination rate and bud potential are the best, 30-35 degree environment is the fastest seedling, the plant after vine is 20-25 In the environment of degree, the growth is best. However, when the temperature is lower than 15 degrees, the germination, growth and flower pods of the beans will become sluggish and unfavorable, which is not conducive to the superior yield and high yield in the later period.
4, water factor
The roots of the beans are more developed. The roots can reach a depth of more than 80 cm in the ground and the root roots can reach more than 15 cm. They can absorb the moisture of the deep soil, so they have strong drought resistance, but because there are few lateral roots. In the flowering and pod-forming period, when the water needs to be relatively large, the watering amount should be increased appropriately to provide good soil and air humidity for the plant to continue flowering and pod-forming, but the watering can not be over-watered or flooded. Otherwise, it will weaken the respiratory function of the root system, causing the flowers to fall into the pods, and in severe cases, the roots of the plants will be rotted or even dead. In addition, the photosynthesis of soybean in the germination and seedling stages is weak, the root system is not developed, and water can be poured 1-2 times, but it can not be watered too much or too large, otherwise it will cause seed rotten, germination rate is reduced, seedlings are long or bad. Root dead tree problem. In addition, excessive precipitation, excessive soil moisture, and excessive drought will cause a large number of fallen flowers and pods.
5, nutritional factors
Beans have the most demand for potassium fertilizer, followed by phosphate fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer. Before the sprouts to the flower pods, the root system is few and not developed enough. The rhizobium with nitrogen-fixing ability is less formed and has poor activity. Therefore, the amount of fertilizer needed is not large, and the available nitrogen fertilizer can be mainly used to promote root development and vegetative growth; After the pod period, vegetative growth and reproductive growth are carried out simultaneously. The plants must be flowering and pod-forming, and at the same time, the vines and stems should be stretched at the same time. The nutrient consumption is very large, and it has the characteristics of large fertilizer and large variety of fertilizers. It should be topdressed 2-3 times, and sprayed 2-3 times of foliar fertilizer, brassene, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, boron, calcium and other trace elements foliar fertilizer, the weaker land can also be sprayed 0.5 The % urea solution is supplemented with nutrients and can be taken once every 10-15 days. In addition, after the beans are flowered, 0.02% ammonium molybdate is sprayed once every 15 days, and the beans can be matured early in the morning.
Therefore, when fertilizing beans, the base fertilizer should be mainly composed of decomposed organic fertilizer and supplemented by chemical fertilizer (such as high-phosphorus and high-potassium sulphur compound fertilizer), moderate nitrogen fertilizer in the early stage, nitrogen control, phosphorus-increasing potassium, and supplemental trace elements in the middle and later stages. It is good to pick up the fruit pod twice a time. It should be noted that: watering should be timely after fertilization, and it can also be combined with watering; especially after the first production peak period, water and fertilizer management should be specially strengthened, so that not only can the plant premature aging be avoided, but also it can be better promoted. The germination of lateral branches and lateral flower buds can also form the main flowering inflorescences and effectively extend the harvesting period, which is the main reason for the unbeaten harvest.
Third, field management measures
1, set up in advance
Beans are perennial stems and vines. Good scaffolding and early introduction of vines can promote healthy growth of plants. The scaffolding should be carried out early in the seedling period, and the scaffolding can adopt a "human" shape frame that is more convenient for light and ventilation and effective against pests and diseases.
2, pruning control
Scientific pruning control can effectively improve the ventilation and light transmission environment of plants, rationally regulate the nutrient distribution in the body, and make the beans more flank, more flowering and more pods. It is the most important means to extend the harvesting period and increase the yield. The specific operation of the whole branch control vine is as follows: the lateral buds below the first inflorescence of the main vine and the leaf buds of the first inflorescence above the leaf buds and the flower buds are all removed, and all the lateral branches above the first inflorescence of the main vine retain 2-3 leaves. On the basis of all the topping and topping, or the side shoots to see the flower buds that are topping; when the plant main vine length reaches 3 meters long (about 20-25 knots) or when the main vine climbs the top of the rack, timely remove the top buds For the side vines, it is also necessary to see the flower buds and topping.
Plant stems and stems will inhibit the formation of flower buds and fruit pods, and will also result in insufficient light and light of stems and leaves, which will delay the flowering and pod-forming period of plants. If the growth is too strong, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer should be controlled, or drugs such as chlormequat and paclobutrazol should be sprayed. Control the growth, in order to prevent a large number of plants from falling and falling; the weaker growth can be foliar spray fertilizer to promote growth.
In addition, during the growth period, the old, yellow, diseased, and residual leaves in the lower part of the plant should be removed in time to improve the ventilation and light transmission conditions of the plants on the scaffold.
3. Pest control
The main diseases of the beans are blight, root rot, virus disease, rust. The main pests are aphids, red spiders, pea pods, cockroaches, zebras, etc., and attention should be paid to prevention and spraying in advance.
Fourth, how to save beans for a long time?
The production of beans is very large. For many ordinary farmers, a few rows of beans at the door of the house can not be harvested and unbeaten. For this reason, many people will worry about the excessive horns. Let's share with you the two methods of long-term preservation of beans. After learning, you can solve the remaining problems of beans, and you can follow them later.
1. Remove the fresh beans that have been removed, remove the disease and wash them with water, then put them in boiling water (a little salt in the water, cooking oil or edible alkali to protect the original green color of the beans). Remove and dry the surface moisture, then put it in a container and store it in a sealed container, or put it into a fresh-keeping bag, squeeze it out and put it in the refrigerator.
2, remove the fresh beans, remove the diseased wash and put it in the sun for a few hours, then put it in a glass container, and finally add the rice water over the surface of the bean to seal.
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