The human brain organ has the primary form of the brain, but it is not the real brain, it is a simplified model made for research. Image from the web
Four years ago, Austrian scientists discovered the use of stem cells to cultivate human brain tissue. Human brain organs have made amazing progress since then; now, they have been able to simulate real brains with electrical stimulation, generating new neurons like mature brains. Developed into a six-layer cortical area within the brain responsible for thinking, language, judgment, and other cognitive functions. These brain-like organs are less than one soybean size and are only studied in laboratory vessels.
However, according to the Scientific American magazine website, the team of scientists from the United States said at the recent annual meeting of the American Neuroscience Association that they implanted human brain organs into the brains of experimental rats. The team of Fred H. Geage, a well-known neurobiology expert at the Sooke Biology Institute, proved that human brain organs are connected to the blood circulation system of rats after implantation, and the neurons in them can still pass. Axons of neural signals are input into multiple brain regions of mice.
The neurosurgical team led by Isaac Chen of the University of Pennsylvania found that when the eyes of the rats were illuminated with light, the neurons in the implanted human brain organs flashed a signal indicating that the human brain tissue was functionally realized. Integration.
The vigorous development of brain-like organs, while revolutionizing the cognition of human brain development and neurological diseases, once again faces the ethical controversy of whether experimental animals possess human emotions and consciousness.
Human brain organ functionalization in mice
The above experimental papers have not yet been officially published. The Gejie team has submitted the paper to a famous scientific journal, so only the abstract was submitted to the conference. From the abstract content, human brain organs were implanted into experimental rats, and they were successfully connected with the blood circulation system of mice, and some mature nerve cells extended axons to multiple brain regions of mice, in brain-like organs and rat brains. The nerve signal is transmitted between. But the size of the brain-like organs and whether the behavioral ability of the mice has changed, etc., did not disclose much.
Isaac Chen presented the team with 21 papers on human brain organ research. They implanted human brain organs into the secondary visual cortex of the brains of 11 adult rats, which are responsible for processing visual signals such as the color and direction of the object being viewed. According to the paper, these 2 mm diameter human brain organs have survived for at least 2 months. Some human brain axons are derived into the rat brain, and axons are regenerated 1.5 mm in the rat brain. In the corpus callosum of the brain hemisphere. When they illuminate the mouse's eyes with light, they found that the nerve cells in the human brain organs were stimulated and gave a flashing signal, proving that the human brain tissue was fully functionalized in the mouse.
Bringing revolutionary impact to brain science
In addition to the first two experimental teams to publish research results in implanted animals, scientists at this annual neuroscience conference also revealed significant advances in human brain research in laboratory research. For example, some scientists in the experimental utensils connect human brain organs with retinal cells, giving them photosensitivity, which produces vision; and scientists combine the upper and lower parts of the human forebrain, in two The establishment of neural connections between some organs has led to the development of 3D brain organs, which has taken a major step in simulating the complex associations between different brain regions.
With these experimental experiences, scientists can connect 2, 3 or even 1000 organs to get more and more brain-like structures, simulate mature human brains and find autism, epilepsy and schizophrenia. The cause of neurological diseases.
The primary goal of Isaac Chen's research brain-like organs is to repair brain damage. They believe that the human brain is a very strict and orderly structure. After the existing brain tissue is implanted into the brain, the function will be self-improved, establish a connection with the damaged part and effectively repair it. The study of brain-like organs will revolutionize the mysterious brain science.
Rapid development requires ethical management to keep up
But as brain science enters a new phase of animal experimentation, scientists are beginning to call for relevant ethics to keep pace with its rapid development.
Currently in the United States, the National Institutes of Health has only introduced regulations prohibiting the addition of human stem cells to early embryos of vertebrates, and there are no regulations governing the implantation of human organs. There is a lack of awareness of the progress of research on organ-like organs, and there is no call for the establishment of special committees to study relevant policies.
Hank Greedley, a law scholar and bioethicist at Stanford University, said that although the brain-like organs are not yet thinking, the number of implanted rat brains is small, and it is impossible for mice to produce consciousness or advanced intelligence, but these consequences Precautions need to be taken in advance. Once animal experiments give mice a humanized identity such as self-esteem, their species identity will become difficult to define.
Despite various ethical concerns, scientists working on brain-like organ research say that giving brain-like organs human cognitive and emotional capabilities is still a very distant hypothesis. Their common goal is to inject patients with neurological diseases such as stroke, autism, and Parkinson's disease into a more healthy life by injecting neurons or implanting brain tissue in the future. (Technology Daily)
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