Vegetables have become important economic crops in many places, and farmers have also invested heavily in vegetables. However, in actual production, many vegetable farmers report that the quality of chemical fertilizers is getting worse and worse, and they use a lot of fertilizers and nitrogen for vegetable cultivation and management. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are used, but the effect is not obvious, the seedlings are not strong, the fruit is small, the yield is low, and the quality is poor. In fact, the main reason for this phenomenon is not the quality of the fertilizer, but caused by improper fertilization. Different types of vegetables require different types of fertilizers, and different growth periods of the same vegetables require different types of fertilizers. If fertilizers are used and improperly used, input and output will not be directly proportional.
1. The fertilizer demand of vegetables
1. Leafy vegetables are mainly fast-growing vegetables with fresh leaves, petioles or tender stems, such as cabbage, green vegetables, amaranth, and spinach. The fertilizer application method for these vegetables should be top dressing, and the fertilizer should be fast-acting nitrogen fertilizer. Mainly. Generally at the seedling stage and after harvesting each stubble product, topdressing is carried out once to promote the rapid growth of the leaves of the next stubble plant. Topdressing of 8-10 kg of urea per acre or 500 kg of decomposed human manure and urine, strip application or watering per plant to facilitate Plants are absorbed and utilized as soon as possible.
2. Fruit and vegetable vegetables have a long growing period, and the vegetables to be fruited, such as eggplants, beans and melon vegetables. This type of vegetable requires more nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers. Fertilization should be based on base fertilizer and top dressing. The nutrients are mainly nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Fertilization is based on the principles of sufficient base fertilizer, early top dressing, and flowering weight at the fruiting stage. After harvesting each stubble fruit, immediate application of quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer is applied to promote the rapid formation and expansion of the next stubble fruit.
3. Root vegetables: Vegetables that are made from hypertrophic straight roots, such as radishes, turnips, and mustard roots. The fertilization method for these vegetables should be based on basic fertilizer and early top dressing, mixed with a small amount of available nitrogen and potash fertilizer, and should be applied early in the seedling stage or after planting. First apply 4 to 6 kg of urea or 300 to 400 kg of human feces to promote early plant growth. Then, before the vegetables enter the vigorous growth period, apply 6-8 kg of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers per mu to promote high plant yields. At this time, spraying 1~2% urea aqueous solution outside the root 1~2 times (every 5~7 days) can also prolong the leaf function without premature aging.
2. Vegetable fertilization
1. After watering vegetables on the ground or when it rains, use fertilizer to spread fertilizer on the border or between rows of plants. This method is relatively simple, saves time and labor, and can be used at any time, but the utilization rate of fertilizer is low. A part of fertilizer nutrients are lost due to volatilization, especially ammonium bicarbonate, because of its high volatility, it is not easy to spread; urea, ammonium sulfate and potassium sulfate can be spread in the field where the operation is inconvenient and vegetables need fertilizer urgently, but do not spread when spreading On the leaf surface, so as not to burn the leaves.
2. Mechanical deep application Mechanical deep application includes deep application of basal fertilizer before vegetable cultivation and top application of fertilizer during cultivation. Generally, furrow application, hole application and strip application are used. That is, after applying organic fertilizer or chemical fertilizer, raking and leveling. This method is conducive to improving the efficiency of fertilizers, but the labor is large and the operation is inconvenient. The plant is buried between the rows and rows. Because the fertilizer is concentrated, the depth is too large, and it is too close to the root, it is easy to damage the root system. Therefore, when burying the fertilizer, the trench and the hole should be more than 10 cm away from the base of the plant. The application period is generally adopted when the vegetable growth is not large, but in actual production, the growth peak of the vegetable is often the peak of water and fertilizer demand. Therefore, when the buried application method is used during the period of high temperature, in order to prevent negative effects, the buried Be sure to water after application to reduce the concentration of soil fertilizer.
3. Fertilization by drip irrigation After the fertilizer required for vegetable growth passes through the drip irrigation filter system, the dissolved fertilizer automatically enters the soil around the root system of the vegetable with drip irrigation water. At the same time, it is covered with plastic film, the fertilizer is almost non-volatile, and there is no loss. It not only saves fertilizer and water, saves labor and effort, but also fertilizes according to the main components and characteristics of the fertilizer. It is currently an advanced fertilization method. However, with the necessary drip irrigation and water supply equipment, and strict mulch film coverage, as well as the determination of nutrient levels in the soil, the investment is relatively high. This method can be used in high-efficiency greenhouse vegetable growing areas.
4. Wash vegetables with water Before watering, sprinkle chemical fertilizer in the ditch, so that chemical fertilizer will melt into the soil with watering. The advantage of this method of fertilization is that the method is simple and the amount of labor is small, but it will cause part of the effective nutrients to evaporate, and some of the nutrients will leak into the deep soil layer with the water, because the vegetable root system cannot be absorbed and cannot be used, resulting in groundwater pollution However, it can be used as the top dressing method when the large-area vegetables are severely deficient in fertilizer and not easy to bury. It is best to dissolve the fertilizer before flushing, and flush with water according to the amount of water.
5. In addition to paying attention to timely top-up fertilizer in order to supplement nutrients in the process of production management, foliar fertilization vegetables can also be combined with spraying to control pests and diseases to carry out multiple foliar fertilization. This method has fast fertilizer efficiency and low dosage, and is a cost-effective fertilizer application method. The effect is more obvious when the plant is senescence, the root system is damaged due to insufficient absorption capacity or in the case of severe lack of nutrients. In addition to urea, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, compound fertilizers and other commonly used large amounts of elemental fertilizers, many manufacturers have developed micro-fertilizers or amino acid fertilizers suitable for foliar application, which have a certain effect after spraying. However, the nutrients required for vegetable growth and development mainly come from soil fertilization, and foliar fertilization can only be used as an auxiliary method.
3. Matters needing attention in fertilization
1. It is not advisable to apply nitrogen fertilizer without water. Ammonium bicarbonate and urea are both volatile fertilizers. When nitrogen fertilizer is applied in vegetable fields, whether it is used as a base fertilizer or top dressing, deep application should be carried out under the condition of wet vegetable fields. In case of dry weather, it can be splashed with water or watered after application, so that it can be integrated into the soil as soon as possible to reduce nutrient volatilization and improve fertilizer utilization.
2. It is not advisable to apply ammonium sulphate repeatedly in acid soil or alkaline vegetable field. If applying ammonium sulphate multiple times in succession, the acidic soil will become more acidic, and the alkaline soil will harden, which will lead to poor vegetable growth, lower yield and better quality. Coming worse.
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