The lack of a certain element in the soil of the apple orchard or the physiology of the tree often causes the growth and development to be blocked, and the branches, leaves and fruits show abnormal symptoms and affect the yield, appearance and quality. Common apple lobular disease, apple yellow leaf disease, apple fruit disease and apple bitter pit disease.
I. Apple leaflet disease
Apple leaflet disease is a physiological disease caused by the lack of zinc in the soil. Heavy occurs in orchards with thin sandy lands and alkaline soils. The main damage to new shoots and leaves, the late spring tree disease germination, stagnation after leaf extraction, leaves narrow and slender, leaf margins upward, leafy hard and brittle, leaf color was pale yellow-green, or uneven density, cluster formation Clustered, easy to fall early. Diseases are shortened between nodes, growth is debilitated, and late or dead. New branches can be found under the dead branches and still show the same symptoms. The flowering buds of the diseased trees are reduced, the flowers are small and pale, and it is not easy to set fruit, and the resulting fruits are small and deformed. The saplings that developed at the beginning of the year had poor root development; the roots of old diseased trees had rots, and the crowns were sparse, and the yield was very low. Its prevention measures are:
Strengthening soil and water conservation is the fundamental method for the prevention and treatment of leaf disease. The orchards in sandy, barren, and saline-alkali lands should be supplemented with organic manure or green manure between rows. For the diseased fruit trees, spraying 1% zinc sulfate solution when the buds are red, the efficacy can be maintained for 1 year. When basal fertilization is applied in autumn, 0.5-1 kg of zinc sulfate is applied to each tree, and the effective period is long, but the saline-alkali soil is ineffective. Magnesium and copper-deficient orchards may contain magnesium, copper, and zinc compounds that are effective against lobular disease.
Second, apple yellow leaf disease
The disease is a physiological disease caused by the lack of iron in the soil. Occurred in orchards in saline or calcareous soils, especially seedlings and saplings are seriously affected. Most of the diseases started from the young leaves at the tip of the new shoot. The early leaves turned yellow and the veins were still green, and the leaves were green netted. Afterwards, the leaves gradually turned yellow, fell off in advance, and the tip of the new shoot died. The tip of the tip of the new tip of the general canopy is heavier, and the lower lobe is lighter. The onset of seedlings begins with young leaves on the tip of the shoot, and the symptoms are the same as above. Its prevention and control measures are: to improve the soil and release fixed iron elements, which is a fundamental measure for the prevention and treatment of yellow leaf disease. The appropriate supplement of soluble iron can cure yellow leaf disease trees.
1. Measures to increase the content of organic matter in soil by increasing soil alkali and increasing organic fertilizer, planting green manure, etc. can change the physical and chemical properties of the soil and release the fixed iron. Measures to improve soil alkalinity, such as digging drainage, lowering the groundwater level, sand-sanding and viscosity-adjustment, and increasing soil permeability, are fundamental measures for the prevention and treatment of yellow leaf disease.
2, to supplement ferritin to save the seriously ill tree, can be used to add soluble iron in various ways: before the bud spray 0.3-0.5% of ferrous sulfate solution, or ferrous sulfate: copper sulfate: quicklime: water = 1:1: The 2.5:360 mixture has the effect of controlling the disease condition, but it can not be long-lasting; the ferrous sulfate and organic fertilizer are mixed in a ratio of 1:5, and each plant applies 2.5-5 kg, which can have an effect of more than two years. The application of chelated iron (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid iron) in the soil is more effective in the treatment of yellow leaf disease.
Third, apple fruit disease
Apple fruit disease is a physiological disease caused by the lack of boron in the soil. The orchards in mountainous and sandy soils are heavier and the drought years are heavier. The disease mainly manifests in the fruit, and can occur from flowering to harvesting. When the disease is serious, it can cause a lot of fruit drop, the yield is reduced, and the quality is deteriorated. Some varieties show shoots, buds and leaves also show symptoms.
1. The symptoms of fruit shrinkage on fruits are mainly the following three types (1) Dry-spot type: They mostly occur in the young fruit period about half a month after flowering. Initially, near-round brown spots appeared on the shady side of young fruit. The flesh of the diseased spot was translucent with water-stained, yellow mucus on the surface, necrosis of the pulp in the later period, browning to dark brown, and dry shrinkage and depression into dry spots. The disease is small and deformed, and the flesh is hard, rough and juicy. Severely falling fruit often falls off prematurely. (2) Cork type: Symptoms appear from the time of falling to the beginning of the harvest, but they occur more frequently in the late growth period. In the early stage, watery stains began to appear in the flesh and soon turned brown. The sponges appeared soft and fragile. Afterwards, the cork tissue began to emerge from the base of the tube, spreading along the fruit's heartline and spreading radially between the vascular bundles. The corked portion of the flesh is bitter and unbearable. In the young fruit period, the fruit was small and deformed, and it was easy to fall early; when the disease was late, the fruit shape was not obvious, but only slightly uneven. The fruit of the red variety is thicker and colored earlier, dark red and easy to fall off. (3) rust-type: mostly appear in susceptible varieties, the main feature is along the fruit surface around the fruit stem produces brown, fine horizontal stripe spot, often cracking at the spot, but the flesh is not necrotic, but soft, pale and tasteless.
2. The symptoms of fruit shrinking on the branches and leaves are also the following 3 types: (1) Blight type: At the beginning of the disease, the top leaves of the new shoots are pale yellow, and the petioles and veins are pale red to reddish-brown. The entire leaf is distorted and the tip of the leaf is uneven. Necrotic spots appear on the margins of the leaves, producing black necrotic spots in the phloem and stratum formations at the tip of the new shoots. After expansion, they gradually die from the tip of the new shoot and form dead shoots. This symptom often occurs between August and September. (2) Arbuscular type: The shoots on the shoots of spring cannot be developed or die soon after they are unfolded. They die from the tip of the new shoot, and later they grow many twigs under the dead shoots to form the twigs. Serious death can result in pruning. (3) Tufty leaf type: In the spring or in the late summer, shoots cannot grow, and the internodes are very short. Many crunchy, small and thick leaves are produced at the festival and appear clustered. In severe conditions, a large number of shoots and buds die, seriously affecting the expansion of the crown and the formation of flower buds, and even can cause major deaths.
3. Control measures 1 Reasonable fertilization, application of organic fertilizers, improvement of soils, deep-turning of barren soil, strengthening of soil and water conservation, and timely irrigation of dry years. A large number of fertilization irrigation during flowering can reduce the incidence. 2 Application of Boron: Apple sprays 0.5% borax solution once before flowering, flowering, and after flowering. Combined with Shiji fertilizer, 150-200 grams of borax is applied to each tree. Dosage should not be too much, immediately after fertilization. To prevent phytotoxicity.
Fourth, Apple bitter pit
Apple's bitter pit disease is caused by the physiological calcium deficiency of the tree. Pruning is too heavy, partial nitrogen fertilizer is applied, and the orchard is excessively prosperous, and the orchards with poor fertilizer and water are seriously affected. Guoguang, green bananas, gold crowns, red stars and other species are more susceptible to disease. Symptoms begin to appear when the fruit is near mature, and the storage period continues to develop. At the early stage of the disease, the lesions were mainly lenticels, dark-colored on the red fruits, dark green on the green or yellow-green fruits, nearly round, and dark red or yellow-green halos around the lesions. The lesions were then slightly sunken and turned brown. The subcutaneous tissue of the lesion also turned brown, showing spongy necrosis and bitter taste. At the late stage of storage, the diseased tissue is susceptible to bacterial infection and rot. Its prevention measures are:
1. Strengthen the cultivation and management of reasonable pruning, increase farmyard manure, prevent partial application and late application of nitrogen fertilizer, maintain moderate tree vigor or balance of growth and development; at the same time pay attention to the rainy season drainage, reasonable irrigation to prevent excessive accumulation of ammonia nitrogen.
2, increase the application of calcium fertilizer to prevent apple bitter disease in the apple Xiehua 30 days or so, every 15-20 days, spray once 0.3% calcium nitrate solution, until 20 days before fruit picking, the effect is good, Drugs are prone to phytotoxicity on leaves when the temperature is high, so be careful. It is best to use bone powder to increase organic matter and supplement calcium when using autumn basal fertilizer.
3. Strengthen the storage period management Before apples are put into storage, use 2-8% calcium chloride or calcium nitrate solution to dip fruit; before storage, pre-cooling, pre-storage temperature is maintained at 0-2 °C, and conditional use of modified atmosphere storage.
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