Cultivation Techniques
1. Planting environment selection
(1) Temperature
Tomato is a thermophilic crop. The optimum temperature for growth and development is 20-25 °C. Below 15 °C, it will affect flowering and pollination, resulting in poor fertilization; Above 35 °C, physiological disorders will occur, resulting in falling fruit or fruit development.
(2) Lighting
Tomato is a hi-light crop, its light saturation point is 70,000 lux, and the light intensity of 30,000-35,000 lux is maintained in daily cultivation to maintain its normal growth and development. Tomato is not strict on the photoperiod, flowering earlier, is a day-neutral plant, the plants can grow robustly under 11-13 hours of sunlight.
(3) Moisture
Tomato is a semi-drought-tolerant crop, its root system is developed, strong water absorption, planting environment is generally suitable for soil relative humidity of 60% - 80%, air relative humidity 45% - 50%. Excessive air humidity affects the normal pollination of tomatoes and can easily aggravate the occurrence of diseases.
(4) Soil and nutrients
Tomato soil conditions are not strict, with deep soil, good drainage, high organic matter content of slightly acidic (pH 6 - 7) sandy loam soil is appropriate. Tomatoes need to absorb a large amount of nutrients from the soil during the growth and development process. According to research, it needs to absorb N2.0-3.5 kg, P2O50.6-0.8 kg, and K2O4.5-6.5 kg per 1000 kg of fruit. At the same time, the demand for trace elements such as calcium and magnesium in tomatoes is also very large. When calcium deficiency occurs, growth point necrosis and fruit's umbilical rot are prone to occur.
2. Choose a thoroughbred, soil preparation
Local winter and spring greenhouse cultivation tomato can use Yongsheng, Bao Luota, times surplus and other varieties. These varieties are resistant to low temperature and low light, strong growth potential, high yield, high fruit hardness, resistance to storage and transportation, fruit color, and good commercial quality. They are resistant to early blight, late blight, blight, and tomato mosaic virus diseases. Stronger sex.
After the harvest, the pastoral field was thoroughly cleaned. The soil was deep-rotated with a rotary cultivator, and 50-100 kg of lime was sprinkled per acre to adjust the soil pH and prevent the occurrence and spread of soil-borne diseases. Apply 750-800 kg of fully-fertilized organic fertilizer and 40-50 kg of compound fertilizer per acre, and mix thoroughly after mixing. The steel sheds are 7.0 meters wide and 3.0 meters high. Each shed is five inches long, and the ridge width is 1.5 meters. The two ridges are planted in a single row. The remaining two rows are planted with drip irrigation pipe strips and black mulch.
3. Plug seedlings, cultivate age-appropriate seedlings
72-well plug trays were used for nursery. Used plug trays were first sprayed or soaked with 0.1% potassium permanganate solution to kill pathogens. The matrix can be configured with high quality peat 2 parts + 1 part of vermiculite, 10 kg of organic fertilizer per square meter of substrate and 5 kg of calcium, magnesium phosphate fertilizer. After thoroughly mixing, disinfect with 70% thiophanate-methyl 700 times. The relative humidity is maintained at 60% - 70%, and the plate is ready for use. Sowing time is generally suitable for mid-to-late September. The coated seeds can be directly sowed without soaking seeds. When using an automatic tray seeder or artificial sowing, soak 1 seed per hole, then cover 0.5 cm thick nutrient soil, place on a nursery stand, and pour enough water, 3- -4 days to emerge. The management of the seedling stage should focus on water management to promote the growth of seedling roots. Management should pay attention to prevent excessive dryness and excessive humidity, handle the growth balance of underground roots and aboveground plants, pay attention to prevent seedlings from growing in length, strengthen ventilation after the emergence of seedlings, control temperature not to exceed 30°C, and ensure that there is sufficient light. The criteria for strong seedlings are 14–16 cm seedling height, 0.4–0.5 cm thick stem, short internodes, 4–5 true leaves, and dark green leaves.
4. Field management
(1) timely colonization and reasonable close planting
In the middle and late October, when the seedling age is 20 to 25 days and the seedlings have 4 true leaves, they can be planted. Due to the relatively high humidity in the south, it is not suitable for planting in close quarters. The plant spacing is 50 cm and 60 cm, and 2000-2,200 plants per acre are appropriate.
(2) fertilizer and water management, ventilation and humidity
On the day of colonization, the rooted water was poured in time, and 4 to 5 days later, the seedlings were watered once and the appropriate fertilizer was added to promote vegetative growth. Urea 10 kg per mu and imported compound fertilizer 5 kg were used. Before sitting on the first panicle, basically no need to water and fertilize, so as not to cause excessive growth of nutrients and delay reproductive growth; Into the flowering period and fruit setting period should be re-applied phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, in the first ear fruit to sit and grow to When the diameter is about 4 cm, 15 kg of compound fertilizer is applied per acre in combination with watering; fertilization is performed once every 12 to 15 days, and each fertilization is required when the size of the panicle is enlarged to the size of the walnut. Water management should be based on the relative soil moisture content of 70% and air relative humidity of 50%. It is advisable to choose to water in the morning and use the drip irrigation under the membrane to reduce the relative humidity in the shed. After the irrigation, the two ends of the greenhouse should be lifted when the temperature is high. The membrane enhances ventilation to prevent excessive humidity in the booth.
(3) tied vine pruning, slamming and topping
When the tomato shoots grow to 35-40 cm, they must be tied in time. The iron wire can be pulled at both ends of the greenhouse. The plastic clasp is tied to the live clasp and allowed to hang down. The sling is then tied directly to the seedlings with a live buckle. On the traction tomato grows upward. The humidity in the south shed is large, and it is advisable to adopt single-dry pruning, that is, to leave only the main trunk. All the lateral branches occurring between other leafhoppers are removed when they reach a length of about 10 cm. After the plant leaves 6-7 layers of fruit, it must be picked to remove the apical dominance and promote fruit growth. In the period of fruit color transformation, the lower leaves begin to yellow and age. Old leaves, diseased leaves, and dense leaves should be promptly removed to reduce unnecessary nutrient consumption and improve the ventilation and light transmission conditions between plants. In order to promote early healing of wounds and avoid infection, snoring, picking leaves, and picking up the hearts should all be done in the morning on sunny days.
(4) Preserving fruits and fruits
When the temperature of the tomato is lower than 15°C or when the light is weak, it is easy to drop the fruit and fruit. The tomato spirit of 25 ml/liter can be used to spray flowers with a micro sprayer when the flowers are completely open, so as to improve the fruit setting rate and prevent flowering, and to avoid repeated treatment. Add red pigment for marking. The fruit thinning is a necessary measure to ensure the high yield and quality of the tomato, and the fruit, small fruit and malformed fruit of the pest should be removed in time, leaving only 4 to 5 fruits per ear to avoid excessive nutrient consumption. Combine fruit thinning with timely snoring and picking leaves to adjust the balance between vegetative and reproductive growth.
5. timely harvest
The maturity of tomato harvesting should be based on market demand. The nearest local sales can be harvested in the near-nine mature season; long-distance transport should be harvested at seventy-eighth mature, and the fruit pedicles removed to avoid mutual shipment Crush bumped fruit.
Pest Control
1. Botrytis
In the winter and spring of southern China, due to the long duration of low temperature and rainy weather, the air humidity in the shed is relatively high. Tomatoes often suffer from gray mold, causing the fruit to turn grayish, soft rot, and produce a large amount of gray moldy layer. In addition to daily attention to enhanced ventilation and dehumidification, quick-drying powder can be added to the spray and diluted 100-fold for prevention. After onset, 75% chlorothalonil WP 500 times solution or 50% acetaminophen wettable powder 1000 times solution can be sprayed.
2. Late blight
Late blight is more likely to occur in high-humidity environments. Leaf and green fruit are more serious. The early stage of the disease is oil-immersed dark green, and then gradually turns dark brown or brown, and the shape of the lesion is irregular. Can use 64% anti-virus WP WP 400 times or 25% WP wet spray 600 times evenly spray control.
3. Umbilical rot
Umbilical rot is a common disease that occurs frequently in tomatoes in the absence of calcium. Field observations show that the tomato leaves have not been developed and are dry or sharp. Fruits in the umbilicus become soft and dark, often accompanied by simultaneous onset of multiple fruits. Prevention and treatment should pay attention to the supplement of calcium fertilizer, can be sprayed with 300 times calcium nitrate solution or calcium magnesium phosphate 1000 times solution, when the preparation of lime is also an effective measure to prevent soil calcium deficiency.
4. Liriomyza sativae
The main damage to the leaves, between the upper and lower epidermis foraging mesophyll, forming a crooked Baidao, affecting the photosynthesis of the leaves. Can be used 25% of agricultural net emulsion 1500 times spray control, combined with hanging yellow plate trapping effect is better.
5. B. tabaci
The pests will inhale leaf juice and cause tomato coal contamination. They can use yellow plates for trapping and killing, or use 10% imidacloprid WP 2000 times solution or 25% buprofezin WP 1000 times solution for spraying.
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