Recently, many areas in the south have withstood the dual test of high temperature and heavy rain. At this time, cotton enters its boll-bearing period and has high requirements for fertilizer, temperature and moisture. So, what problems are easy to encounter during this period of cotton growth? How should scientific soil, fertilizer and water management be carried out? Today, this edition invites experts, combined with his field research in more than ten counties and cities in the southern cotton-producing areas, to provide cotton farmers with technical guidance that can be used for reference.
1 Be wary of cotton red leaf stem blight
Red leaf stem blight is a physiological disease. It usually occurs from the first flowering stage to the boll setting stage. It starts from the growth point of the main stem or the top of the fruiting branch. It usually develops from top to bottom and from outside to inside. Leaf tips and leaf margins are chlorosis, leaf veins are still green, intervein mesophyll turns light yellow to red gradually, leaves roll and die; petioles lose water, leaves gradually fall off; main stems wither and die, but the anatomical vessels are not heterochromatic ; The root system is thick and short, with few fibrous roots.
The reasons for the outbreak of red leaf stem blight are firstly extensive cultivation in cotton fields and poor cotton root development; secondly, poor drainage of cotton fields; thirdly, excessive growth and shading of cotton fields caused by partial application of nitrogen fertilizer; fourthly, less application of organic fertilizer and no application of potassium fertilizer The cotton field is poor. In addition, since mid-July, continuous high temperature weather has covered many high-yield cotton areas. Sudden heavy rains after the continuous high temperature may cause red leaf stem blight to break out locally or successively in cotton, resulting in a serious reduction in production.
For the control of cotton red leaf stem blight, it is recommended to start from three aspects.
To improve the environment, "control the ups and downs" For cotton that is growing too vigorously, use the plant growth retardant mexotropin or mepiquat to control the vigorous growth, use 3 to 4 grams of mepiquat or 12 to 16 ml of mepiquat per acre. Spray 1 to 2 times with 50 kg of water; for cotton fields with compacted soil, timely cultivating and ventilating the slabs to enhance permeability; for cotton fields with low terrain, pay attention to clearing the ditch to promote cotton roots; For cotton cultivated with "film", the mulch should be removed immediately to make the cotton roots develop in depth.
Increased application of potassium fertilizer to improve fertilizer efficiency. Potassium deficiency is one of the main factors that induce cotton red leaf stem blight. For cotton fields with potential soil potassium deficiency or low potassium application, 10-15 kilograms of potassium fertilizer per acre can be applied in strips or holes. In this way, it can meet the cotton's demand for potassium and improve the physiological activity, and the second can adjust the fertilizer ratio structure of the cotton field to improve the utilization rate of nitrogen and phosphorus.
Due to seedling conditions, the incidence and severity of red leaf stem blight are different in different regions and different farmers. Except for the completely dead cotton plants that cannot be saved, as long as the cotton leaves have not withered and the main stem growth points are still active, extra-root fertilization can be used to quickly restore the reproductive function. 1. Use humic acid active liquid fertilizer Hui Manfeng or Zhuang Fuxing, spray 100 ml per mu with 50 kg of water twice, with an interval of 7 days; 2. Spray 0.2%～0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate or 1% sulfuric acid Potassium solution 1-2 times; three can spray plant growth promoter 0.01% Baoliang (Brassinolide) solution or irrigate roots with 2000 times of "802", which can improve the oxygen supply status of the soil and can also be quickly supplemented nutrient.
2 Scientific application of potassium to promote cotton growth
The author found through on-site investigation that cotton was transformed very quickly from late July to early August. Many cotton fields had more than 20 peaches per plant, and some cotton fields with well-management measures could have more than 30 peaches per plant, which showed good growth. . But on the other hand, the proportion of red stems in the main stems of cotton is very high. Some flowers have blossomed to the top of the cotton plant. The growth point is convex. There are not many young buds on the fruit branches. The rate of shedding of buds and bells is high. symptom.
According to the survey, a considerable number of cotton farmers still lack accurate knowledge of potassium fertilizer application, and there is a general lack of potassium application in cotton fields. Some cotton farmers don't know what potash fertilizer does; some believe that as long as the compound fertilizer or organic fertilizer contains potassium, they can meet the growth needs of cotton; others say that the price of potash fertilizer is high, which will increase planting costs.
Effect of Potassium Fertilizer Application of potassium fertilizer can balance the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil, enhance the vitality of cotton, increase the number of peaches per plant, significantly increase boll weight, accelerate boll spitting, improve fiber quality, and increase the yield of seed cotton by 25 kg per mu about. At the same time, it can also enhance the resistance to fusarium wilt.
The amount of potassium fertilizer High-yield cotton fields generally apply 30 kilograms of potassium chloride or potassium sulfate fertilizer per acre, and apply the base fertilizer and topdressing twice. It should be noted that high-content potassium fertilizer must be applied to meet the needs of cotton resistance to insects and increase production. If 60% potassium oxide is applied, the pure potassium content in 30 kg of potash fertilizer is 18 kg; while at the same dosage, 45% NPK compound fertilizer is applied, and the pure potassium content is only 7.5 kg. The potassium content is lower. At present, the price of potash fertilizer on the market has dropped significantly compared with previous years, and the input to output ratio of potash fertilizer is cost-effective.
Potassium fertilizer application method Applying too much potassium fertilizer at one time will have an antagonistic effect on other elements and affect the absorption of other fertilizers by cotton. If potassium fertilizer is not applied in the basal fertilizer, it should be topdressed in time during the cotton bud and blooming period. Spraying potassium fertilizer outside the roots is generally carried out after the cotton has a large number of bolls. Although spraying potassium fertilizer outside the roots can replenish a small amount of potassium, the increase in potassium fertilizer should be mainly applied in ditching or drilling acupuncture points, because the application of potassium fertilizer is easy to cause loss and volatilization.
3General application of peach fertilizer is about high yield and high quality
The number of peaches on cotton is positively correlated with yield. In other words, the grasp of peach fertilizer is a matter of high cotton yield. Applying enough peach fertilizer can increase boll weight, increase lint percentage, and improve fiber quality.
Why can the application of peach fertilizer promote high-yield and high-quality cotton? First, the boll-bearing period is the second peak period of carbon content in cotton plants. The soluble sugar increases, the nitrogen content decreases, and the ratio of carbon to nitrogen is ******, which requires the most nutrients. Therefore, it is not because cotton is peach. The cotton seedlings are hungry. Second, after the cotton begins to bear bolls, the transport direction of nutrients in the body is no longer to the main stem, but to the cotton bolls. The cotton plant has the ability to bear it, and the application of peach fertilizer will not cause crazy growth; Third, after applying peach fertilizer, the percentage of regenerated fruit branches of cotton plants above 11 layers of fruit branches often exceeds 50%, which is more than 10% higher than that of cotton plants without or less peach fertilizer; The efficiency of fertilizer input is lower than that after sitting on peaches. For example, putting 1 yuan in fertilizer before sitting on peaches can increase income by 2 to 3 yuan, while putting 1 yuan in fertilizer after sitting on peaches can often increase income by 4 to 5 yuan.
This year, because a lot of fertilizer has been consumed in the early stage of cotton production, especially in some flood-stricken areas, there is a lot of fertilizer loss. It is necessary to replenish peach fertilizer in time and strictly grasp the key points of application technology. From the perspective of growth time, the effective budding period of cotton is generally on August 15th, and the effective flowering and boll setting period is around September 10th. There is still a lot of room for compensation at present, and peach fertilizer can be applied during this period. From the perspective of application technology, four adjustments can be made. The first is to change the supplementary application of peach fertilizer to the general application of peach fertilizer; the second is to change the application of less application to sufficient application, generally 15-20 kg of urea per mu, and 8-10 kg of potassium fertilizer for potassium-deficient cotton fields; Point application or strip application requires both root maintenance and root protection; fourth, in drought, diversion and furrow irrigation, fertilization by grabbing moisture, adhere to the use of water to adjust moisture, water to adjust fertilizer, and water to adjust air to create a good high yield of cotton Ecological conditions. Only by applying sufficient peach fertilizer and good peach fertilizer, can cotton be "tendered through August", "old healthy September" and "good harvest October".
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