High-efficiency and energy-saving solar greenhouses are the protective cultivation facilities that have been experimentally promoted in northern China in recent years. They have the advantages of energy saving, multiple trips, annual production, and high efficiency. The use of solar greenhouses to produce “anti-seasonalâ€, “overtimeâ€, high-grade grapes, peaches, strawberries and other fruits to meet market demand is a new trend in the production and development of fruit trees in northern China. It also adjusts the structure of planting industry, increases the income of farmers, and promotes A new approach to the healthy and orderly development of solar greenhouses. The United States, with its colorful, fleshy, sweet, high yield, high quality, high efficiency, storage and many other good traits has won the love of the majority of fruit farmers, showing a good momentum of development. From 2000, we introduced the cultivation of American red and black new varieties for cultivation experiments. Now we introduce the specific practices and experiences in cultivation and production as follows. 1. Planting generally adopts north and south rows, with single plant single-row single-wall stand: row spacing 1.6m0.8m and single plant double-row stand: large row spacing 2.4m, small row spacing 0.8m spacing 1m. In the early spring, big seedlings are grown in the greenhouse with nutrition bags. Planting ditch 80cm80cm before rowing according to row spacing and row direction, fully decomposed organic fertilizer 5000kg/667m2 mixed with soil and applied into planting ditch, and planting big seedlings planted in rows in planting ditch at the distance between the end of May and early June. Inside, the root covers a layer of plastic film and is poured once. 2. Fertilizer and water management is dominated by N fertilizer in the early stage and P and K fertilizer in the later stage. In the greenhouse, the grapes are topped with 15 kg/667 m2 of urea before sprouting, 15 kg/667 m2 of compound fertilizer is applied before the berries are swelled, potassium sulfate is added at 20 kg/667 m2, and the foliar spray is used for high-emulsion potassium dihydrogen phosphate. Foliar fertilizer, timely irrigation after each fertilization. The irrigation period and irrigation volume of the protected land should be flexibly controlled according to the soil, indoor microclimate and plant growth. Generally, in the first half of November, the frozen water is poured, and when the temperature rises in mid-February, the germination water is irrigated once, and about 10 days before flowering and after each flower, the water is irrigated. The water is brewed from the berry inflating period to the coloring period 1 or 2 times. Collect 1 additional water before harvest. Usually, irrigation can be flexibly controlled according to the growth of grape plants and soil water requirements. 3. Pruning saplings in the year of planting leaves a main vine, grow to 7 to 8 leaves when the first picking heart surgery, Ye Xiu Xia buds and shoots are left 1 to 2 leaves topping, until the top of the summer bud vice When the tip length reaches 7 to 8 leaves, the second picking is performed, and the other treatments are the same as those for the first picking. After 2 or 3 treatments, it will be pruned in autumn to prepare for wintering. Specific operation: After falling leaves of autumn grapes, the main mandible is cut off from 1 to 1.2m, and the shoots of the summer shoots are cut off from the base. The whole bunch of main vines does not need to be off the shelf, nor do you need to use any measures to prevent the cold, such as soil, to directly cover the greenhouse quilts. Enter the dormancy period. After the budding of the second year of the tree, 5 to 6 winter buds were selected and the rest were erased. The result was that the branches left 4 to 6 leaves in the upper part of the inflorescence, and the leaves in the leaves were left with 1 to 2 leaves topping and all the lower leaves in the leaves. Auxiliary tip completely removed; nutrition branches left 8 to 12 leaves topping heart, the top tip of the top left 5 to 6 leaves topping heart, the base of 40 ~ 50cm below the auxiliary tip all erased, leaving the upper apical tip 1 to 2 leaves topping. Pruning in winter, the result is that the branches are sparse and the vegetative branches are short. After 4 to 5 years, the adventitious buds are preserved and the vegetative branches are trimmed after the outer parts of the result are removed. After 6 to 7 years, the vines are aged and the long branches are preserved. Dendrite update. 4. Temperature Management in the Greenhouse In mid-November, the greenhouse quilts were put into dormancy after the leaves were fallen, keeping the temperature of the greenhouse below 7.2°C and above -12°C. At the end of December, the quilts can be uncovered and warmed. The temperature should be controlled before sprouting. The temperature should be about 20°C during the day and 10～15°C during the night. The growth temperature should be gradually increased. The growth period after sprouting should be controlled at 25～28°C during the day. The temperature is about 15°C at night; the flowering period is kept below 28°C during the day and 16-18°C during the night. In late May, the film can be removed to increase light conditions, but attention should be paid to the prevention and control of diseases and insect pests in summer. In September, the greenhouse film is covered to prolong the vegetative growth and promote the full ripening of shoots. 5. Prevention of pests and diseases After spraying in winter and before sprouting in spring, 5 lime sulfur mixtures are sprayed; in early April, grapes are sprayed and sprayed with 200 times of Bordeaux fluid 200 times to prevent blackpox; spraying in late April. Multi-effect Ling 1000 ~ 2000 times liquid, prevention of white rot disease; May ~ July spray Rhodospirillum 300 ~ 400 times or phosphine aluminum 2 ~ 3 times, control downy mildew; fruit spray after the same amount of 1 Bordeaux fluid 180 times liquid to prevent leaf diseases. 6. Application of Greenhouse Complementary Technology 6.1 The use of hose drip irrigation technology in the root film of grapes can significantly reduce the air humidity in greenhouses and reduce the occurrence of pests and weeds. At the same time can be combined with the prevention and treatment of root diseases and drugs drip irrigation, water saving 60% to 80%, saving disease, weeding use more than 50% of labor. 6.2 Reflective film on the ground under the canopy and hanging light curtains on the back wall to increase the light intensity and light energy utilization rate by 9.2% to 40%, increase the greenhouse temperature by 2°C or so, and the air humidity drops, which has a certain inhibitory effect on various airborne pathogens. The fruits are evenly colored, rich in nutrients, and enhance the commercial value of the grapes. 6.3 The application of carbon dioxide gas fertilizer is greatly promoted. Since the early spring of protected areas is closed cultivation and management, the carbon dioxide needed for photosynthesis of plants cannot be supplemented, and the photosynthesis rate is reduced. The use of carbon dioxide generators to supplement the gas fertilizer, increase the accumulation of nutrients, plants flourish, fruit Yan high quality. 6.4 Fruit bagging technology can reduce pests and diseases, prevent fruits from being contaminated during spraying, improve fruit quality, produce green and pollution-free quality fruits, and increase the added value of fruits. After bagging and graining, the bagging uses a light-transparent grape or plastic bag to ensure normal coloring.
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