The so-called dry land tomatoes are tomatoes grown on dry land, in the rainy season, without irrigation conditions, rely on natural rainfall and scientific cultivation and management of the growth of vegetables. The green dryland Tomato Products are of good quality, bright color and good taste, and are deeply loved by the people. The market prospects are optimistic. The cultivation of dryland tomatoes not only has significant economic benefits, but also has the advantages of simpler operation, less investment, labor saving and time saving compared with the cultivation of solar greenhouses. It is suitable for the farmers who lack rural labor and have little capital accumulation at the present stage. As a result, the planting area of ​​tomatoes in drylands has increased year by year, and it has gradually become a new way for farmers to increase their incomes.
First, base selection
1. Location
The production environment of the green dryland tomatoes should meet the requirements of “NY/T 391-2000†green food production area. It is necessary to choose the water sources that are not polluted and meet the irrigation conditions, and choose the land that is far away from national highways and highways and other major traffic lines. . Tomatoes are hi-light crops, so we must choose a leeward sunny plot to reduce the risk of late frost in early spring in April, and also to ease the frost in autumn dry tomatoes.
Soil soil
Tomatoes are deep-rooted crops. Growth conditions require low groundwater levels, good drainage, good soil aeration, and excessively heavy soils can cause poor plant growth. When the oxygen content in the soil is less than 2%, the root system will die. Therefore, we must choose the fertile soil, loose soil, good drainage conditions, and planted wetland under the dam. Pay attention to choose not to re-land. The plots of vegetables, especially solanaceous vegetables, were not planted within 3 years in order to minimize the occurrence of soil-borne diseases.
Second, species selection
The selection of dryland tomato varieties should be based on appropriate local production and meet the market demand. Good varieties with strong drought resistance, high yield, heat resistance, and thick skin transport are more suitable for dryland cultivation. The most popular varieties are Zhongza No. 11, Baoguang No. 1, Shidu No. 6, Jintuo No. 1 and Maofen 802.
Third, nurture strong seedlings
1. Dig pits and boxes
Dryland tomatoes mainly use simple semi-positive seedling breeding techniques. Under normal circumstances to be used for a mu of seedlings, nursery land area of ​​15 to 20 square meters, with a seed amount of 40 grams. There is no need for seedlings and seedlings in the medium term, which is easy to operate. In the selected plot, dig a pit 80 cm wide from north to south, 20 to 25 cm from east to west, and 30 cm dig pit. Note that it is necessary to uncover 5 to 10 cm of topsoil and then prepare nutritious soil. Then the box is stretched and the south frame is 7 to 8 centimeters higher than the ground, and the north frame is 25 to 30 centimeters higher than the ground.
2. Nutrition soil preparation
With plant ash or slag, decomposed organic fertilizer, loose topsoil mixed in the ratio of 2:3:5, while adding 2 to 3 kg of compound fertilizer, after uniform screening, to achieve fertile, loose, ventilation permeability.
3. Bed soil treatment
When preparing nutritious soil, add 0.2% 3% phoxim granules per square meter to control underground pests; add 70% of carbendazim powder 5g per square meter for soil sterilization. First mix the appropriate amount of fine soil and pesticide, then mix it with the nutrient soil to make the medicine soil, spread two-thirds of the medicine soil into the seedbed, and cover one third of the medicine soil after sowing.
4. Seed treatment
The selected seeds are soaked in clean water of about 30°C for 15-30 minutes, and then soaked in hot water of about 55°C for 15 minutes; or the seeds soaked in fresh water are put in 10% trisodium phosphate solution. Soak for 10 minutes, then remove the seeds and rinse with water. The sterilized seeds are wrapped in a wet cloth and germinated at 28-30°C. When 70% of the seeds germinate, they can be sowed.
5. Suitable for sowing
The best time for growing seedlings is generally in early April. 3 to 5 days before sowing, the seedbed is drenched, leaving 3 cm of water and then covering the film. After the water has penetrated and the temperature of bed soil reaches 15°C, spread a layer of medicine soil, level the bed surface, spread the seeds evenly, and cover the coating soil after sowing, cover the thickness 0.5 to 1 cm (about 3 to 5 times the size of the seeds). ). Finally, 54.5% of Greenhenge No. 3 WP 8g fine soil spread thin bed surface to prevent the occurrence of damping-off.
6. Seedling management
Under normal circumstances, the seedlings can emerge in 5 to 7 days. The tomato seedling age is about 40 days and can be planted in early June. After 70% of the seedlings are unearthed, holes need to be drilled on the mulch to cool the air and prevent burning. Ventilation holes in the whole seedling stage should be gradually increased, generally not watering, when the temperature is low, straw or plastic film should be covered. Strong seedlings showed 15 to 20 cm in plant height, 0.5 to 0.8 cm in stem diameter, short internodes, more hairs in stems and leaves, 6 to 8 leaves, dark green leaves, well-developed root systems, and mostly white lateral roots. Ear buds appear.
Fourth, timely planting
1. Fertilization for soil preparation
The use of green upland tomato fertilizers should be in accordance with the "NY/T 394-2000" fertilizer use regulations, the use of fully decomposed organic fertilizers, the prohibition of the use of nitrate nitrogen fertilizers, and the prohibition of the use of municipal waste. After applying 3,000 kilograms of decomposed organic fertilizer in autumn, 2,000 kilograms of high-quality farmyard fertilizer per acre, 60 kilograms of ammonium bicarbonate, 50 kilograms of superphosphate, 20 kilograms of potassium sulfate or a bag of potassium-calcium-bearing, combined with one-time application of fine soil preparation Into, after the rain, the sensation is good and timely ridging film, ridge distance 120 cm, ridge height 20 cm, ridge width 80 cm.
2. Timely colonization
From the end of May to early June, colonization will take place in a timely manner, so that flowering and fruit setting period will catch up with the rainy season. During the period of vigorous growth, it will catch up with the rain and heat in July-August. The peak of the market will catch the tomato off-season from the end of August to the beginning of September. In accordance with the principle of “with unequal time and with unequal rain†during the appropriate period, there will be no rain when the plants are planted, and when there is insufficient water, the main water will be planted to ensure the survival of the seedlings. Colonization was performed using a large ridge and double row method, with a large row spacing of 60 to 70 cm, a small row spacing of 40 to 50 cm, a plant spacing of 37 to 40 cm, and 2800 to 3,000 plants per acre. In general, land should be sparsely planted, and slopes and terraces should be densely planted.
V. Field Management
1. Framed with vines
6 to 7 days after colonization, the heart leaves begin to grow and new roots appear. After the seedlings were transplanted, the vine was inserted at a height of 30 cm. The stand is 1.6 meters high and 10 centimeters from the base is inserted 10 centimeters from the base. After the abduction, the vines were trussed onto the shelves and tied in every two inflorescences.
2. Pruning
Using the method of single stalk stalking, except for the main stem, the lateral branches were all hit. The first side branch grows to 6 to 7 centimeters. When it is too early to fight, the area of ​​assimilation of the plant is small, and the lack of nutrition will affect the growth of the root. If it is too late, the flowering bud will consume more nutrients, and the wound will be large and susceptible. After the emergence of side branches should be promptly destroyed. Around the beginning of September, when it reaches 4 spikes or more, leaves 2 to 3 leaves topping, the plant height is fixed, and concentrated nutrition attack the big fruit to win high yield. At the same time pay attention to thinning and fruit thinning, generally leaving one tomato with one ear.
3. Top dressing and weeding and post-management
When the first fruit is big, walnuts start to be top-dressed, with 15 kg of urea per mu or 1,500 kg of human excrement. After that, one or two fertilizers can be chased after the second and third panicles. If the fertility of the soil is insufficient, it is needed in the third. After harvesting, the fruit must be chased once before harvest to prevent premature decline. Combining topdressing with cultivators, weeds, and gardens to loosen the soil and promote the infiltration of water from the ridge to the underside of the membrane, and attention should be paid to the prevention of flooding. At the same time, 0.2%～0.3% of potassium dihydrogen phosphate or 1%～2% of superphosphate, 0.01% of boric acid or 50% of quercetin aqueous solution was sprayed on the foliage to enhance drought resistance and disease resistance. After harvesting, the panicles must be promptly cleared of the diseased, yellow and old leaves of the lower part, and be destroyed in a concentrated manner to increase the ventilation and light transmission conditions so as to ensure normal fruit ripening in the later period.
Sixth, pest control
1. Pest control principle
Prevention and control of pests and diseases shall implement the principle of "prevention first, comprehensive prevention and control" and adhere to the principle of harmlessness based on "agricultural control, physical prevention and control, biological control, and chemical control." Control methods include: selection of pest-resistant species; soaking seeds in warm soup; cultivating strong seedlings; carrying out rotation for more than three years; dumping weeds; removing weeds and litter in the field and eradication of pests and diseases; high-yielding cultivation techniques of oil tea in a timely manner to remove fields Central diseased plants, to reduce transmission; put natural enemies or light trapping or mechanical killing, reduce pests and so on. Chemical prevention and control shall be taken in the case that the above methods are not effective, and the use of pesticides shall comply with the "NY/T 393-2000" guidelines for the use of green food pesticides. It is forbidden to use highly toxic, high-residue or triphasic (carcinogenic, teratogenic, mutagenic) pesticides, and pay attention to the number of uses and safety intervals.
2. Virus disease prevention
Tomato virus disease mainly includes mosaic disease, streak disease and fern leaf disease, of which mosaic disease is the most common. In addition to soil treatment, it is mainly the timely control of locusts, which is the spreader of viral diseases. During the nursery period, 10% imidacloprid wettable powder 2000 times liquid was sprayed to control aphids. Before and after colonization, spraying with 800 to 1000 times of plant disease and lingzhi EC has good preventive effect on viral diseases. It can be used 80% Perfume WP to control spraying at 120-160 grams per mu.
3. Early blight prevention
Tomato early blight, also known as ring disease, is a fungal disease. The stems, fruits and leaves were initially dark brown or black with rounded or oval spots, which gradually enlarged to 1 to 2 cm. The edges were brown, and the center was gray-brown with concentric ring patterns. At the beginning of onset, 70% mancozeb WP can be used as 600 times liquid or 64% WP can be used as 400 to 500 times, alternately, spray once every 5 to 7 days, and spray twice.
4. Prevention and treatment of umbilical rot
Umbilical rot, also known as pedicel, is a physiological disease. The umbilical part of the young fruit emerged as immersed spots, and the latter lesion gradually expanded, usually 1 to 2 cm in diameter, and expanded to half fruit in severe cases. Mainly because of uneven water supply and calcium deficiency. One month after the tomato result is the critical period for calcium absorption, it can be sprayed with 1% superphosphate. At the beginning of the flowering period, it is sprayed every 15 days and sprayed twice.
5. Prevention and treatment of split sun burning
Cracking sun scorch is caused by dry weather, soil water shortages and sudden downpours, leading to root physiological dysfunction and the absorption and operation of boron is blocked, the epidermis can not withstand the internal pressure and lead to cracking. Continuous high temperature and drought can cause sunburn. Can be sprayed with 0.1% copper sulfate (96%) or 0.1% zinc sulfate to improve heat resistance.
Seven, timely harvest
The criterion for timely harvesting of tomatoes is that the fruit is fully inflated and the skin turns green from yellow to red. Generally listed at the end of August, if not affected by early frost, can be extended to early October. Should choose to harvest when there is no dew, a batch of mature harvest, this is the off-season vegetable market, considerable economic benefits.
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